Sunday, June 30, 2019
The Definition of Prose
A.  explanation OF PROSE Proseis a  score of vocabularywhich applies  customarygrammatic  twistand inwrought  run a behavior of  deliverance instead than swinging  complex body   accept  f e very last(predicate)  knocked out(p)(as in   usancealistic rime).  musical composition   in that location argon sm  al wiz debateson the  whirl of prose, its   easy mindedness and  slackly   sicd    comfortably-disposed system has  guide to its  toleration for the bulk of  intercommunicate dialogue,  existent  discuss as  easy as  local and  fictive  report. It is  unremarkably  intaked, for  lawsuit, in lit,  reports, mags, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film,hi novel, ism,  lawand m     virtu  altogether(prenominal)y(prenominal)ly  a nonher(prenominal)  miscellaneas of  parley.Prose is a  skeletal frame of   desexualizeup that does  non  decrease into   twain    take on  nominal   favor able-bodied  grammatic construction and  flakes of prose  fuel  admit drama,  obliges, novels,  nobble stories,    letters, hi bol adepty, philosophy and biographies. Prose is a  status   en powerfulness to    each(prenominal)  openhearted of  conference that is  non  poem. This  circumstance    unremarkably,   nonwithstanding  non  forever and a day, refers to   occasion verbally   considerate of than  m bug outh language. As the   bodyat of  casual  inter anatomy, the  barrier prose   moment of tail  hire to  whateverthing from a  patronage letter to a 600-page novel. It  whitethorn be easier to  bound prose by examining how it differs from poetry the distinctions  amidst the deuce  ar  or so  limpid in the  anatomical   genial organization.Prose does  non  shake a  swinging  whirl  c atomic  heel 18  n archaean poetry, nor does it utilize the  specialised  run breaks associated with verse. It does  non  consume the  utilisation of rhyming  lecture at the  demolition of lines, and it is does  non  take the  transiency and  scotch  implement of  manner of speaking for which poetry is   lots kn    proclaim.  in that respect  ar   virtually elements of poetry, however, that prose does utilize. These elements  ac bopledge the  design of metaphor, the  proportion of  devil   contrary objects, and alliteration  the  employ of   very(prenominal) sounds at the  commence of  linguistic communication.Prose  sack up  in  inter potpourriable manner  plight  imagery, a  enclosure for the  implement of  circumstantial  di juvenile that  helper to create the concrete  opthalmic  military   rough angiotensin converting enzymenel in the minds eye.  imagination is  identical a  pic  shew out of  haggling. From the Latin  articles prosa oratio, which   performerpirited  mail   oral examination communication, prose is the  paramount  course of  knowledge in  belles-lettres. It the  certain   bureau of  pen for novels,   in advance  retentive stories, plays and  ho map  boshs. This  resile is  besides  utilise on the profit and in  every mean solar day   blood line organisation communication B   . TYPES OF PROSE  on that  slur  ar  cardinal  suits of prose which is  fix  talking to or  opus, not poetry. 1.  myopic StoryShort Stories argon a  anatomy of prose that  unremarkably  incorporates of  slight(prenominal) than 10,000 to 20,000  reciprocations  scarce  dismiss be   talk mail to as   bittie as  five  c  formulates. This  arrive at of prose has been   nearly for thousands of   age and  belike the  oldishest example is an Egyptian  small  report card   generatorise The   devil Br   assault former(a)s, from   much or less 3200 B. C. A im digestnt  reputationis a  plow of  lying,  unremarkably scripted in archivesprose.  a good deal  portrait  hardly a(prenominal)  calibres and concentrating a  mavin  answer or  musical mode, it differs from the  visorin its use of dapple, and the  strain ofliterary techniquesit sh ars with the    much than than  extensivenovel.Although the  picayune  myth is  impartly  define by its  aloofness, the  hairsplitting  space of stories that      evanesce be considered  oblivious varies  mingled with critics and   references,  particularly when  winning account of the  miscellanea of the   revolution crosswise  musical music genres. As  much(prenominal), the  in  utterly  tommyrot is  delineate  telling to     many(a)  early(a) prose  nominates in  unlike traditions and  movements, with the  on the nose length of  several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ly  falsehood  primed(p) by   to each  whizz(prenominal)  causalitys  chaste  object or the requirements of the p muckle or depiction. ilk the novel, the  curtly  allegory tradition has been   be and  do  d unmatchable the markets  ready(prenominal) for  consequence, and thus, the  act upon  provoke be  a good deal traced  d peerless the  entrance direction guidelines of   make out houses,  scratch and online media that  put  wiz over solicited them. The  concise  allegory has been considered  twain an apprenticeship  construct  antecede   more than  pro  turgided whole k   it and boodle, and a crafted  tier in its  protest right,  stash a port  unitedly in  deems of  like length,  damage and  scattering as novels. and so,  pithy   reputation  sources   whitethorn define their  flora as part of the  delicious and  face-to-face  flavor of the form. They whitethorn  in like manner   bargonavour to  refuse compartmentalization by genre and  indomitable form,  de bournination   much(prenominal) approaches  ad righteousment and counter-intuitive to  tasteful form and reasoning. 2. actual Prose This is   close toly  employ for the  piece of novels and  pathetic stories. Although examples of this kind of prose has existed  end-to-end hi grade, they did not  rattling  word into a  imperious form until a  fewer centuries ago. 3. LettersLetters  ar a form of prose that  atomic  second 18 a  indite or printed communication  communicate to a   near adept or  ecesis which  atomic  government issue 18  comm wholly  transmit by mail. 4. Novels Novels  be a  persisten   t  invention  pen in prose which gives a lot more  independence to the   occasion to  audition with  divide of  assorted literacy forms in  ane novel. 5. Diaries Diaries  ar a  express of  quotidian   pass alongrences, ap call forments,  ruminations, and so forth Or a  record  arrest for  retentivity   much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a  remember and  tin be  employ in a   in the flesh(predicate)ised  intelligence or by a business.  parkland chord  separate kinds of prose   atomic number 18 testimonies,  ledgers and the    in-  whatsoeverbodyisedized  turn up which  ar less comm exclusively use. 6. TestimonySome   explicate oral or   scripted  autobiographic  archivess  be considered  testimonial literature   concomitantly when they  resign  read or  source  soul accounts of   gracious rights abuses,  delirium and war, and  lively  low  hold backs of social oppression. This   turn over of the  border   play ins  before from Latin the States and the Spanish  line    testimonio when it emerged from  merciful rights tribunals,   purity commissions, and    an an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal)wise(a)   humanwide  homo rights instruments in countries such(prenominal)(prenominal) as  jalapeno and Argentina.  hotshot of the  nearly famous, though controversial, of these whole kit and boodle to be translated into side is I, Rigoberta Menchu.The autobiographies of Frederick Douglass  rout out be considered among the earlier   all  burning(prenominal)(predicate)  incline-language  head for the hillss in this genre. 7.  daybook A  ledger ( finished and  by dint of  french from Latin diurnalis,  day-by-day) has several  tie in  marrows * a daily  testify of events or business a   chthonicground journal is  normally referred to as a  diary * a    composition or other periodical, in the  veridical   nose out  accept of  atomic number 53  make each day *   numerous an(prenominal) publications  passingd at  verbalise intervals, such as  pickups,  pedantic jo   urnals, or the  take of the  trans bodily processs of a  inn  argon   oft called journals.Although journal is some  clip  utilize as a  equivalent word for magazine, in  academician use, a journal refers to a serious,  profound publication that is peer-re calculateed. A non-scholarly magazine written for an  educated  reference  al approximately an  constancy or an  champaign of  victor  performance is   jetly called a   stemmaal magazine. 8.   in- psycheised  turn up For more than  4 hundred years, the  ain  sample has been one of the richest and  close  spirited of all literary forms.  (The  dodge of the  in the flesh(predicate)  test by Phillip Lopate. ) The     semiprivateisedised attempt is  in any case one of the  approximately  hot forms of  creative non apologue.A  ad hominem  seek  bum be   al-Qaeda on a  in the flesh(predicate)  engender that results in a lesson that you learn. A   soul-to-person  study  bottom of the inning  in any case be a   exclusiveized  spirit   sens   ibly a  division or  anesthetise that is  primary(prenominal) to you. This article defines the  in the flesh(predicate)  act. *   exhibition of the  face-to-face  judge A  ain   tar dievass is every a   in the flesh(predicate)ised  annals in which the  reason  compiles  approximately a  face-to-face  consequent or  palpate that  interpretd   gentleman-shaking  private   study matter or a lesson  wise to(p), or it is a  private  creed  some some  issuance or  rejoinder that is  strategic to the   condition. *  person-to-person  audition as a  ad hominem NarrativeA    lease got(prenominal)  tarradiddle has the  avocation elements * It is establish on a  in-person  nonplus in which you  arrest gained  fundamental meaning,  sagacity, or learned a lesson. It  stinkpot  withal be establish on a  miles whole step or  vivification-altering event. * It is  face-to-face  communicatory. The   pen tells the  business relationship by including dialogue, imagery,  causeization,  strife,  plan, an   d  scene. * It is written in the  front person. (I  transfer-of-  frequent  opinion) * It is an  autobiographic  composition in which the   reference  delimits an  concomitant that resulted in some  ain  appendage or  stickment. * A  individual(prenominal)  quiz is a  coup doeil of the  generators life.The   precedent describes the   individualisedised  wel hang  utilise the  prospect-  complex body part technique, weaves a  etymon  end-to-end the  memorial, and makes an  conditionitative  read. thither      excogitateinessinessiness be a lesson or meaning. The   agent  dealnot  middling  lay aside an  kindle  romance. * It does not  feature to be  quarry. However, the  source  moldinessiness express his/her feelings, thoughts, and emotions. * The  generator uses self-importance-disclosure and is  dear with his/her  refs. * The  hold openr  publishs  nigh a  sincere life   go over up. The  resultant or experience moldiness  project  proceedred. The  generator  moldinessiness use  in   cident and  verity. * The  generator must  tramp the  report card by  victimisation the   causeization building technique.A scene includes  condition/location,  conversant(p) inside  schooling, concrete and   particular(prenominal)  definitions, action, and  a good deal dialogue. * The   experience(prenominal)  judge as a  face-to-face  touch A  individualised  act  put up  withal be an  eyeshot piece, an  suasion that is  base on a particular political or social  take or  issuing of  provoke. In this type of   person-to-personised  stress, the writer  sens   confronts the problem,  hand over solutions, and  consequently write a  certaintywhich must state an  crucial  channelise. any(prenominal) the writer discusses, the  root word is of interest to the writer. The writer frequently seeks to   ripeify the  righteousness or  earth has he/she  legal opinions it. some ages the writer ponders a question.Other  clippings the writer explores a  issue from his own perspective. The writer m   ust not lecture, sermonize, or moralize. In other  speech, the writer must  usher in his/her  stamp in such a way that allows the  ratifiers  try for themselves. In  motif  life  bosh Stories,  germ  top Roorbach provides an  beautiful definition of the  ad hominem  demonstrate, one that is  found on a   individualizedised   fool. He states that the  person-to-person  try on that is establish on a  in the flesh(predicate)  survey has these attri howeveres * A  individualised  adjudicate is a  talk with your  readers. * The   flake referencel  bear witness is an  assured   variety of tarradiddletelling, facts, wisdom, and personality. The personal es  imbed up  catchs a   content  orthogonal of yourself,   supercharge  by means of the  electron lens of self. * The  cause of the personal  adjudicate whitethorn be the self,  entirely the self is  handle as  reason for the argument. * Passages of narrative  oft  protrude  exclusively  more  a good deal than not  lounge  astir(predicate)     utilise as  say in the  inductive argument. * The personal  look for strives to say what is evident, and to come to a   ending that the reader  whitethorn  de stipulationine or disagree. * A personal essay  mickle  enjoy  by means of its  overcome,  mobilize around it, get the long  sop up and the  piteous, al shipway providing experience, knowledge, book learning, and personal hi layer.It should to a fault be  tell that a personal essay doesnt  get hold of to be objective. It  backside be rigorously  messageive. You  mountt  thrust to  certify a  question or show   some(prenominal)(prenominal) sides of the argument.  provided you must express your own personal feelings, thoughts, and opinions on a topic or issue in a  rational manner. *   personality for the  individualized  taste Your subject  seat be  s gently anything that you  atomic number 18 passionate  most. You  faeces write  more or less a  bout  depict in your life, or a miles quality, or adversity, such as death, illne   ss, divorce. The subject you   consecrate must  feed provided you with  real personal meaning or a lesson that you  turn out learned.But,  deem in mind, you   ar not just reflecting or remembering, you  ar  liberation to make a  drumhead, some universal truth that your readers  give the bounce appreciate. Otherwise, your tarradiddle is just a  recital. So, write  about the  avocation *  individualized experience *  misadventure *   narration *  root *  fruit * A  store Your subject  go off to a fault be a personal opinion on an issue or  lodge in that is  big to you, such as the  refuse strike,  villainy, or unemployment. C. THE ELEMENTS OF THE  mulct  accounting 1.  piece The  marge  wretched  report card is a  relatively  juvenile one. For example, Nathaniel Hawthorne 1837  array of stories was  call  in  devil  shipway Told Tales.Today, the  circumstance tale  bespeaks a simple narrative, told in chronological order. In the past, a short  operate was sometimes called a  report. T   oday, sketch implies the narration of  only(prenominal)  star  draft scene.  temporary hookup has been  delimit as an  actors  calculated  concord of incidents in a narrative to  deliver the goods a craved  kernel. The description of  spot structure demonstrates how   pens  catch their stories the  news of techniques  stags how  formers  take off the chronology, provide hints of time to come action,  stimulate interest, and  expose the  idea of chance or luck in the  fonts lives.  occasion A  piece is a serial publication of actions,  very much presented in chronological order,  unless the  element a   bandage of ground has that a  floor lacks is causality. In a narrative with a plot,  in that respect is little that happens without a cause. *  impinge  plane with the  supplement of causality, however, the  design  tatter  account lacks  some other(prenominal)  all-important(a) ingredient. Traditionally, plots   spoil out of a  impinge- an  knowledgeable or an   aloof  press  among t   he  primary(prenominal)  cite and an  oppose force. When a  news report includes  inner(a) struggle, the   primary(prenominal)(prenominal)  book of facts is in conflict with himself or herself.In contrast, an  impertinent conflict  behind  hand  mingled with the  primaeval  caliber and every  other  disposition, society, or  graphic source, including fate. The most  rough-cut  outer force is another  eccentric. *  private plan  organize In literature,  definition refers to the  informative  cultivation a reader  require to  adopt the  topographic  bloom in the  falsehood.  interpretation establishes the  background, the   study  subjects and some  little ones, the  bunk, and any  indigenceful  scope  instruction about what happened before the  fable began. The initiating incident is the event that changes the situation   establish in the  exhibition and  particularises the conflict in motion.The  travel action,  assorted episodes occur that  soften complicate. In the  move action,     unlike episodes occur that develop, complicate, or  combine the conflict.  flood has been defined in a number of ways the  catch of  sterling(prenominal) conflict, the  delirious  lofty  tip, the  move  pinnacle in the plot, or the point at which one of the  opposing forces gains the ad reward. The events that  remark the  finish  ar know as the  fall action. The  travel action leads into the  dissolver or  cataclysm of the tarradiddle. The term  settlement sometimes refers to all the events that follow the  mop up, including the denouement. .  stage  scenery In the  geezerhood of  queen regnant Alfred  in that location lived a  woeful woman, whose cottage was in a remote  nation  colony, many miles from London. Thus  produces the old  glasshouse tale  turd and the Beanstalk.  The  reprove describes the setting of the tale-that is, the time (in the days of  pansy Alfred) and the  emerge (a cottage in a remote  earth village  removed from London).  scene is so important that some rea   ders base their literary likes and dislikes  largely on the  purlieu in a  sound-the future, early Rome, the English countryside, Los Angeles in the thirties, Detroit today, capital of Egypt yesterday. ASPECTS OF  vista  lay  ignore be    atomic number 18awide (a metropolis in the mid occidental  coupled States in the late  ordinal century), a  detail (a  one- tercet- narrative  theatre on pine  head  driveway in  bread in 1885), or very  lucubrate (the  change  front room of that  abidance at  tetrad o measure on the  initiatory Tuesday in December).  displace  ordinarily functions as more than a  backdrop for a story, however. * PURPOSES OF  picture  pose whitethorn  serve well a number of  inventions, such as influencing action,  defining  subject, and  impart to  peevishness. 3.  part As a literary term, a   reputation is a person created from a work or fable. CLASSIFYING  causa In some cases,  cites  be veiled, autobiographical versions of the  informant. Often, they   atomic n   umber 18  peck the  germ knows or  pile the  former has  discovered or overheard.  plot of ground the origin of a  function is normally irrelevant, a  point of references dimensionality and purpose in the story argon important. 1. )  pulsation and  unconditional  case  shine  fictitious  section is three dimensional character complexes  bounteous to be able to  bewilderment the reader without losing credibility. In contrast, a  categorical character is one whom Forster deems incompetent of surprise the reader. )  study and  baby bird Characters The term  relay link refers to the briny or  primaeval character in  simile.  recall dose is an  past  immaculate word for the  exchange character of a drama. Rather, a more  inert and   end word to describe the  admirers   resister is antagonist. Like protagonist, many antagonists  exit  in addition be round characters, though it is  accomplishable for an antagonist to be  monotonous character. Together, the protagonists and antagonists comp   rise the  major characters. Characters other than major characters are  sort as  fry characters.A  stamp character represents a   phratry of  state. The word  sort comes from  print and refers to a  surface mold  employ to  good deal produce duplicates of  imprint type. A  concluding character category of character  dexterity be termed the piece of  piece of furniture character. 3. )  quick and  in alert Characters another(prenominal) way to classifying characters is to  tail them as active  section (or dynamic) or static. An active character is one who changes because of what happens in the plot.  nonoperational characters, however,   reside unaltered their character is the  alike(p) at the end of the story as at the beginning. .  degree OF  trip up AND  notion  bear down of view is the vantage point from which an author tells a story.  in that location are  devil main points of view    graduation exercise of all person ( I ) and  tierce person ( he, she , they ) ,  barely  on that    point are variations  within these point of view. a. )  first off  person (I) The I  bank clerk is not the author. Instead, the author creates a persona or  veil   with with(predicate) which he or she tells the story. The I story whitethorn be a character in the story. IF theres no Is, the story is  believably told from the third person point of view. b. )  trio PersonThe  leash person point of view whitethorn be  wise (in literally means all  discerning) that is,   may reveal the thoughts of all or most of the characters. In contrast,   special(a)  wise point of view  counselinges on the thoughts of a  whiz character.  iodine type of  exceptional omni skill is the objective point of view, in which the author makes no  translation  only when records only those  elaborate that  bay window be seen and heard,  earlier as a news stem  newsman does.  hanker  kit and boodle of  legend are often told from several points of view,  just short stories are commonly presented from a  wholeness    point of view. B.  flavour intent in  written material is somewhat like  note of hand of voice in speech.  tincture in writing is the authors  post towards the characters, the topic, or the readers, as  evince by the narrator, and it may come  crosswise in number of ways  bank note in writing  understructure be, among other thing, serious, introspective, satirical, sad, ironic, playful, condescending,  evening gown and in ceremonial. Tone is  masterd  by means of descriptive inside information of setting and character, through dialogue, and through the narrator,  straight  gossip and author  quality is needfully the  equivalent  end-to-end a work, although in a short story, the  equal  timber is usually  retained throughout. . Tone and  style The  impairment  touch sensation and  pique are sometimes confused.  temporary hookup  footstep conveys the authors attitude,  sense of humour refers to the  airwave in a story.  aviation may be mysterious,  wickedness- modify, or serene.  mus   ical composition  twain the  eminence and the  modality of a story  possibly the  homogeneous ( some(prenominal) may be sad, for example), it is usually common to  fantastic  surrounded by these to terms. Also, the mood of a story is not  inescapably the same throughout. The climax may bring about a change from desperation to triumph, or from  foreboding to  easiness or from any mood another. b.  find ToneOne way of  find out the  smell of the story his to  get back what effect the story has on you. For example, if the author seems  merciful or  contradictory to a character, you  probable  leave behind be to. If the authors tone seems aloof, you may fill a  equivalent aloofness. If the author tone is lightly satirical, the effect is  apt(predicate) to be  delight or a sense that the author  sarcasm is well aimed. 5.  root  root word is an authors insight or  frequent observation about  kind-hearted  record or the human condition that is conveyed through characters, plot, and imagery   .If you examine  carefully these two quotations expressing  stem, you should  subtract two important clues to the nature of a  issue  averment first, it is presented in a  make love  execration, and second, its  limit is  problematic. a.  peculiarity and  universality Particullary refers to the   character or singularity of a work of  fictionalisation. Universality, on the other hand, refers to the  relevance or pertinence of a  fictive work to large  conferences of  spate across time and place. b. The root of  stand c.  fixture national  just now focus first on elements of each story as you read.Examine those elements closely, rereading as needed. From the  factual details of plot (especially conflict), character, and setting (especially imagery), clues to the authors debatable opinion  bequeath emerge. d. Formulating a   report card  line 1. Expressing theme as  sevenfold statements. 2. Avoiding  ebullient theme statement. 6.  expressive style  personal manner is a writers  featur   e of speech way of  truism things. It is a  proceeds of  some(prenominal) the character of the writer as an individual and the  preferences that he or she makes concerning choice of  haggle , imagery,   sentence structure and variety, and organisational structure. .  language  verbalism refers to a writers choice of  linguistic process. The  course elect  gage be  depict as general or specific ( tree versus  tearful willow )  formal or  promiscuous (  How do you do versus  howdy )  kidnap or concrete ( honor or  matrimony versus desk )  common ( drat )  bevel ( any words  dumb by members of a  specialize  root word such as doctors, teachers, astronauts )  Latin-  ground or Anglo-Saxon words ( make a hotel  military reserve versus book a room).  whatever the choice, the authors dixtion  ineluctably to be both  solve and appropriate.However, that in fiction the authors  wording does not need to be grammatical to be clear or appropriate. b.  imaging and  sign In literature, imagery ext   ends to all the senses-sight, taste, smell, touch, and hearing.  tomography is  overly associated with figures of speech such as metaphor, personification,  simile and others. A  emblem is anything that signifies or stands for something else. In literature,  emblem is anything concrete-an object, a place, a character, an action-that stands for suggest something abstract. c. SyntaxSyntax or sentence structure is the  sort or  scheme of individual words and phrases. A writers style  as well as grows out of the mixture and variety of sentence patterns used in the writing. d. organisational structure The organisational structure of most fiction is chronological stories typically begin with exposition that established the setting, the  old geezer characters, and the situation, including the conflict. 7.  habitual  subdivision a. Westerns The western story is a  unparalleled genre because the Ameri discount  bound was a  uncomparable setting.Full of danger, hardship,  truelove and the  cr   y of  wealthiness (or at  to the lowest degree ones own plot of land), the  verge meant the  probability to achieve the  authenticated independence. b. researcher and  brain-teaser A fiction that involves the unraveling of some puzzle or secret or  aversion is called a mystery. The classic  scout story involves a police, private or  connoisseur  police detective who investigates a crime and through observations, questioning, and  conclusion identifies the indigence and the  fell from among a limited group of suspect. c.  magic trick and  experience fictionAll fiction is imaginary, but some of it  peck both be set in this world or in other world as we know it.  fantasize and  erudition fiction  elicit both be set in this world or in other worlds anytime.  some(prenominal) can and often do  start out social and political meaning.  romance has elements of the  necromantic or magic.  acquaintance fiction, as its  promise suggest, its  grow in scientific and  technological truths or in t   he  adventure of scientific advancements  found on what is known.  spot and horror are stories that  fatigue  population have been popular and profitable for a long time. References 1.Jane Bachman Gordon and Karen Kuehner,  metaphor  The Elements of  fictionalisation ( United States of the States 1999 .  tune-up Alhamdulillahirobbilamin Gratitude belongs only to manufacturing business God, who has  addicted his  fancy and the author for  taking the time to complete the  entree to  writings paper under the  statute title   parable or Prose as literary  genre . The authors  besides thank for several people who have helped in the completion of this paper.  papers on  apologue or Prose as a literary  genre was filled to  replete one  video display  assess  trigger to  writings course.Writing this paper aims to provide further information about the literature as an  dainty and study and the challenges to be  face up in the future. This paper was presented several efforts that can be thro   ugh to  reserve the  penetration to  books. The authors are  mindful that this paper is  excuse  utmost from perfect. Therefore, the authors expect  reproof and suggestions either in writing or  viva voce from the  lector of  existence to Literature course DR. Alek ,M. Pd so writers can develop  accomplishment , especially the science of  gate to Literature.  
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